Balance in the administration of justice

The term justice refers to canal provision of rights to every citizen in a given century. This concerns equal distribution and proper allocation of good things like wealth, and power. For a country to have justice in practice, people should be governed by laws which are well defined in a constitution. Such laws assures citizens freedom in all their activities for instance, one can have a freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom of movement among others. Through justice, one should have a right of access of any requirement like medical care, job opportunities, education and also settlement.At the same time, a country should ensure retributive of justice which mainly deals with rights response to law violators. This is facilitated by penalties administered to wrong doing. The major issues concerning legal environment in which justice and security administration operates includes natural laws which involves the system of results which naturally deserves from any action or choice. For every action taking place, there must be an equal opposite reaction which makes administration of justice to be universal and absolute concept.Authority in command is another environment in which justice operates. The country formulates rules and regulations which governs the people. Whatever is not allowed in the rules is termed as injustice. The state than has the mandate to administer the rules to the people concerned through its authority to command. Justice should also operate under mutual agreement of everyone concerned. For this case, the formulation of laws in a country should not favor any group. The biasness leads to unequal administration of justice which in turn can lead to imbalance in the state.The issue of fairness should be considered where by each person should have equal right to the whole system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all. The least advantaged should have fare equality of opportunity to social and economic ineq ualities. Right history plays a major role especially in ownership of property. Each individual should be entitled to having the right kind of history be it from just acquisition especially by working or unowned things or just transfer, from sale or free gift but not from unlawful means like grabbing and stealing.Retributivism is another issue concerning legal environment which justice operates. It involves dealing with justice violators. For instance when one is denies his/her right, that should be reported to authority for necessary steps to be taken. Wrong doing should be balanced/made good which is achieved through punishment administration. Justice administration should portray a high independency in investigation of truth. For instance, during judgments, the lawyers and magistrates should not be bias but drill on truth of the matter to know the reality of a phenomenon.Joint terrorism task force is another area where justice and security administration operates which is a small cell of highly trained, locally based argent for law enforcement in monitoring and investigating terrorists. Obscenity prosecution task force is another field of justice and security operation which deals with protection of American’s families and children through being involved in their nation’s obscenity laws.Assistance to victims of crime, prisoners and ex-offenders and also women from domestic violence is guaranteed by organization of faith based and community initiatives task force in US through provision of funding opportunities within the federal government. Violence in schools has been prevented by the department of justice and department of education through provision of guide to help schools and communities to educate each other on safeguarding their children. Drug abuse is another issue which has affected the communities’ development.This has been prevented through mobilization of citizens, use of policing strategies and to school children, through u se of after school recreation program. Voting is another area, where justice and security should be exercised. Every citizen is allowed by the law to freely choose the leader he/she requires without any influence. Justice also prohibits interference with access to reproductive health clinics or places of religions worship. Such should be accessible to every citizen. The changes in technology and mass communication has posed a positive effect administration of justice and security.Such includes establishment of the police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 A century ago before introduction by the police and criminal evidence, police used to interview suspects generally through transcription of questions and answers from memory. This led to recommendation of gradual introduction of audio recording of police interrogation in police stations which facilitated subordinate legislation to be drafted in such away to leave the rules regulating the police in the exercise of their investigative po wers, including interview recording with suspects.Advancement in technology has also led to public awareness of the laid down regulations through use of medias, law books and magazines. This enables the citizens to learn about the new rules and adhere to them appropriately. Technology and mass communication has led to revolution in telecommunications technology since 1978. If changed from making of calls on a wire and almost all transoceanic communications in radio communications to today’s technology which has reversed, as mot long-haul communications are on wire and local calls often travel by air.Other wholly new methods are also in place today like use of cell phones and e-mail which were not popular in 1970s. These new developments in technology play a vital role in restoring of security in different parts of world because information is acquired immediately after. Use of detection methods has contributed highly in maintenance of justice and security. This is acquired th rough use of well trained groups like intelligence groups who can be able to acquire a certain information before the disaster occurs.Change in technology and mass communication on the other hand can have negative effects in justice and security in that, for instance in times of world wide crisis, direct conveyance of first hand information can lead to incitation into other parts, hence lead to more damages. Technology also enables violators to use advanced destructive methods like bombings as for the case in US 1987 bombing Technological change also enabled citizens to know about the democracy. This automatically ruled out the traditional dictatorship leaderships and opened people’s mind to learn about their rights.The issues involved with individual rights versus the needs of the justice system should be balanced to maintain order and public safety. This has been achieved through regulating rules which are not bias to certain group of citizens. For instance, the right of sp eech should be available to every citizen. This enables everyone to express his/her self everywhere in the country. Every citizen is also entitled to a freedom of religion. A government should not decide on where and who people should worship but this should be based according to their faith.Assemble is another individual right whereby citizens should congregate anywhere and address their issues. The laws formulated by the government should abide to such rights for maintenance of order and security. Every citizen should be entitled to right of press in order to express his/her issues to others. The laws should not forbid this right because not unless one expresses himself, the shortcomings in the citizens cannot be known to the government. Voting is another issue whereby an individual should decide wisely on who to elect.In case of any malpractice, this can result to disagreement among the citizens hence lead to civil war in the country. Education opportunities should be available t o every citizen in the country. This should be achieved through provision of similar education system of the same quality to all students irrespective of poor or rich families. Health facility is another issue which should be available to every citizen. In order to balance this issue with the justice system, the government should have well stipulated laws allowing free acquisition of medical care to the aged and the children.Employment opportunity is another issue which should be available to every citizen. The provision of this aspect should be justified according to ones qualification. The government should ensure this through setting rules to guide the concerned bodies of employment distribution. Disabled citizens should be treated like any other individual. The government should ensure they are given the first priority in issues like employment opportunities. Equal protection should be available to every citizen.Such protection should be under the law which ensures security to c itizens either from assaults or injury by fellow citizens. This represents the right to live surveillance free and not to be identified as a suspect or to live suspiciously. The issue making decision about ones choice should be available to every citizen. For instance one should decide on marriage and reproduction which should be guarded by law and order. There should be provision of justice in issues of inheritance. This should occur after death of ones mate whereby his/her wealth should be inherited by the one who is left back.The issue of privacy should be observed as an individual right to every citizen. The law should ensure people’s security in their persons, honses and effects, against unreasonable searches. Another issue includes trial by jury. When one has been arrested, he should be proved guilty through trial. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused should enjoy the right to a speed and public trial and be notified. About the nature of cause of accusation; to be confronted with the witness against him to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor and look for help for his defense.Cruel or unusual punishment is another issue which should be justified by the law to ensure public safety and order. Once an individual has been arrested the issue of demanding excessive bail should not be practiced. Such an individual should be judged and if proved guilty, required punishment should be undertaken without imposing excessive fines or inflicting cruel and unusual punishments which in turn can lead to total harm to the victim. The issue of right to own and enjoy property has been an important aspect of human right.The law should justify that no individual should be deprived of either life, liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public usage and yet there is no compensation from the government. Such property include land, among others. References: Washburne G,(1923). Imperial control of the Administration of justice in the thirteen American colonies,1984-1776. New York. Brussels P, (12/9/2002). Finding the Balance. Cittation from internet. http://www. crisisgroup. org/

Heart Sounds Case Essay

1. Dr. Baker spends a long time listening to (auscultating) Caleb’s heart. a. Where on the thoracic surface do you auscultate to the tricuspid, mitral (bicuspid), pulmonary, and aortic valves? Auscultation for the tricuspid valve would be in the left sternal margin of the 5th intercostal space. The mitral valve sounds are heard over the apex of the heart (5th intercostal space) in line with the middle of the clavicle. Pulmonary valve sounds are auscultated at the 2nd intercostal space at the left sternal margin. The aortic valve is heard at the 2nd intercostal space of the right sternal margin. b. Where do you think would be the best place to auscultate Caleb’s abnormal heart sound? Explain your answer. The abnormal heart sounds would best be heard over the tricuspid area – the lower left sternal border. This is the area which overlies the defect. 2. Caleb has abnormal heart sounds that tipped the doctor off to a problem. a. Name the normal sounds of the heart and indicate what causes these sounds. The normal sounds of the heart are â€Å"lub-dup† are caused by the opening and closing of the heart valves. The first sound – lub- is from the closing of the mitral and tricuspid heart valves. The second sound -dup- is from the closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves. b. In relation to the normal heart sounds, when would you expect to hear the abnormal sound Dr. Baker heard? Explain your answer. A ventricular septal defect is a systolic murmur. The abnormal sounds can be heard during or after the first heart sound and ends before or during the second heart sound. 3. The defect in Caleb’s heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. a. Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? I would expect the blood to move from the left to the right ventricle. b. Based on your understanding of blood pressure and resistance in the heart and great vessels, explain your answer to question 3a. In the heart blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Blood normally enters on the right side of the heart (deoxygenated), is pumped to the lungs and returns to the left side of the heart (oxygenated) which will then be pumped out to the rest of the body. In Caleb’s case blood will enter the right side of the heart, be pumped to the lungs and return to the left side  of the heart. Every time his heart beats, some blood is then forced through the VSD back to the right side. It then goes back to the lungs even though it is already oxygenated, so blood that is not oxygenated can’t get oxygen. A lower blood volume then remains in the left ventricle to be pumped out to the rest of the body. High pressure would occur in the lungs due to extra blood being pumped into lung arteries this make heart and lungs work harder. 4. When an echocardiogram is performed, the technician color-codes oxygenated blood (red) and deoxygenated blood (blue) a. In a healthy baby, what color would the blood be within the right and left ventricles, respectively? The right ventricle normally pumps blue blood because the blood is without oxygen and the left ventricle pumps red blood because the blood has oxygen. b. In Caleb’s heart, what color would the blood be within the right and left ventricles, respectively? It is both blue and red in the right ventricle because the already oxygenated blood flows back into the right ventricle and blood in the left ventricle would be red. 5. Caleb’s heart allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix. Based on your knowledge of the heart and the great vessels, describe other anatomical abnormalities that cause the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Atrioventricular Canal Defect is an abnormality that causes the mixing of blood. There is a hole in center of heart where the wall between the upper and lower chambers meet. The tricuspid and mitral valves aren’t formed properly and one large valve crosses the defect. The defect lets oxygen rich blood pass to the heart’s right side and mix with deoxygenated blood, then go back to the lungs. Another abnormality is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), where the walls of the upper chambers of the heart don’t close completely, causing a left to right movement of blood due to the higher pressure. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood may cause the right atrium and ventricle to enlarge due to the higher volume of blood. 6. What happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac output as a result of his ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Explain your answer. Caleb’s systemic cardiac output will be decreased. His blood will enter the right ventricle be pumped to the lungs, return to the left ventricle and then be shunted  back to the right ventricle. This causes more blood to enter the right ventricle. The extra blood then leaving the right ventricle causes a volume overload to the lungs. Because blood is being shunted back to the right ventricle, there is a lesser volume of oxygenated blood that leaves the heart to supply the rest of the body. 7. One of the problems that worried Tiffaney was that Caleb seemed to be breathing too hard all the time. Let’s consider how this symptom is related to his heart defect. a. Describe what would happen to the blood volume and pressure entering the pulmonary circuit as a result of his VSD. In VSD the right and left ventricles are working harder, pumping a greater volume of blood than they normally would. Extra blood will pass through the pulmonary artery into the lungs causing, blood pressure to be higher than normal in the blood vessels and lungs. b. Describe what would happen to the myocardium of Caleb’s right ventricle as a result of his VSD. The right ventricular heart muscle will thicken and lose elasticity over time, causing the heart to work harder to effectively pump blood the lungs and rest of the body. 8. Based on the location of Caleb’s defect, what part of the conduction system might be at risk for abnormalities? It is extremely rare that VSD would cause a conduction system defect due to the fact that the two systems are different, different embryological development, yet are in close proximity to each other. It is possible for the bundle of His to be displaced, but usually is unaffected. Sometimes a branch of the bundle of His could be on a rim of the VSD, but is still able to function. The only tricky part is if surgery is needed, the doctor needs to be careful when closing the defect.

Recommendation letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recommendation letter - Essay Example I have seen astonishing results from him on complex projects that have offered great attention to detail where quality was never compromised. Additionally, he has a very positive attitude and truly embraces learning all there is to know about trading. I have never seen an equity analyst consistently show such strong desire to learn trading that I simply could not turn him down. I knew that with him on board our trading team would continue to accelerate. Although Tiecheng has consistently exceeded in most of his trading positions as a trader, he is constantly looking for new challenges. The best example of his intelligence shone through a modified strangle option strategy he initiated. Before the stock market plunged nearly 1000 points on May 6th, he proposed to me that we should gradually establish a strangle option position that plays markets volatility due to Greece concern. That position alone has generated tremendous return to our portfolio. Tiecheng Zhang has worked as a trader for almost a year. The thing that impresses me the most about him is how he deals with pressure. The stock market is quite competitive and often tough to break into, and many with high hopes do not survive the pressure. One terrible trade in the industry sometimes can destroy a good trader mentally. However, Tiecheng always managed to turn a negative event into a positive learning experience and never makes the same mistake twice. It is my belief that a postgraduate education will help Tiecheng to truly succeed by improving his talents. I am confident that you will find him to be a student whose talents will shine further through your graduate program. It is my hope that you will accept his admission to your university. Feel free to contact me at [number] if you require further information. Ive been Tiecheng Zhangs managing partner at Zhang Capital Management for almost two years. I had the great pleasure of seeing him excel from an equity analyst at the

Cyber Journalism (See detail) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cyber Journalism (See detail) - Research Paper Example The only difference today is that the cyberjournalist answers directly to their audience, rather than to a publisher who traditionally held journalists responsible for reporting ethically. Yet, there is no consensus among publishers as to what is ethical. In the end, ethics are the responsibility of the cyberjournalist and the audience. You Can’t Be Neutral on a Moving†¦Screen The original phrase, from a book by Howard Zinn, was â€Å"You Can’t Be Neutral on a Moving Train.† Cyberjournalism is like a high-speed rail that moves so fast and is so personal that it isn’t possible to be neutral. The bigger question is whether we should even try, in spite of the fact that western society often assumes that all journalists are bound to neutrality when, nearly a century ago, Henry Luce, founder of Time magazine insisted that very concept objectivity was foolish (Ward, 2006). He contended that the public needed the media to explain and interpret the impact of events on their lives. Yet, we insist that it is true and to be expected of the press, regardless of medium. With the speed of cyberspace, it is difficult, if not impossible to be neutral. By the time the 1960’s arrived, Americans had become distrustful of such clarifications on their behalf adding a twist to Luce’s view: that no one can be objective. They public wanted to see the bare facts and decide for themselves what they meant (Ward). Youth no longer trusted the media with full-disclosure, even in supposedly free countries. When Chicagoan Justin Hall began blogging in 2004, many of the new blogging generation embraced the concept of taking news into their own hands –after all, they were the children and grandchildren of the children of the 1960’s generation. America was ready. Evolution–Or More of the Same? Beyond the big cities that claim the largest share of the journalism world, the rest of the United States already knew what citizen journ alism was long before cyberjournalism. For more than a century and a half—long before Time magazine hit the newsstands—local citizens had been writing columns about who had dinner at whose house last Sunday night, or which church was gearing up for the next ice cream social. That was citizen journalism. Even back then, reporters often wrote under a pseudonym like â€Å"Gomper’s Corner’s Gertie,† a precursor to the userids of bloggers like Duncan Bowen Black who blogs at Atrios on at Eschatonblog.com. Like any citizen journalist, Atrios is a citizen of the world he writes about: economics. Over the years, we have come to assume that reporters are somehow sanctioned by having earned a degree from a school of journalism. Neither â€Å"Gomper’s Corner’s Gertie† nor Atrios have a degree in journalis

Literacy narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literacy narrative - Essay Example Further, even writing an essay about our experiences after a school trip was also difficult for me for the same forgetfulness. More recently after high school, I decided to get a casual job and save some money since I was not keen to join college immediately. However, that is when I realized the seriousness and implications of my reading and writing challenges. Although I was only seeking casual jobs that did not require strict academic of professional qualifications, I did not pass a single interview. The questions asked were directly related to what I was supposed to do on a day to day basis and had very little academic significance. However, in as much as I had the correct answers, I could not organize them in a logical and comprehensive manner. I later came to learn that my answers were received with skepticism because they were considered a reflection of the way I would conduct myself and perform my duties. After a third interview at the same job, a friend of mine who worked in the human resources of the company advised me to consider improving my communication skills. This came as a surprise, because although I knew I had researched enough on the job I had applied for, I had realized that the problem was how I presented my ideas. I inadvertently found myself remembering the problems I had speaking in front of the class and while at it, I strangely remembered my days as a younger kid when I enjoyed reading Dr. Seuss. Somehow, in those earlier days I could tell the story to other kids without a problem. Reflecting on that, I convinced myself that it is something I can do again despite the many years that had gone by. As an adult who has missed several jobs because of being unable to communicate my ideas, I realize that it is costly not to address the problem. Therefore, I have decided to go to college particularly to learn communication skills. Equally important, I need to learn how to

Liabilities In Post Contractual Benefit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Liabilities In Post Contractual Benefit - Essay Example Jack Horner on July,  23rd 2005, from the date of conclusion of a separate and altogether different contract between Mr. Jack Horner and Amanda/ Patrick. The latter contract was concluded as early as on June,  15th 2005. Besides, the ‘offer’ of 20% deduction, was a means of luring the general public who had still not availed of the benefits of Avoca Haven till then and hence by logic excluded from its purview all those who had already availed of Avoca Haven under its earlier terms and conditions. Even if it were accepted that the ‘offer’ of 20% deduction extended to Patrick/Amanda, it is highlighted that it was only an â€Å"invitation to treat† and not an â€Å"offer† in its legal connotation.2 â€Å"Offer† in this case has to be made by Amanda and Patrick to Mr. Jack Horner, and acceptance of the same is within Mr. Horner’s sole discretion---he may or may not accept it and cannot be forced to accept the same.3 The deposit of $ 500 that Amanda/Patrick paid to Mr. Horner, was in lieu of a contract to avail of Avoca Haven as per its earlier terms and conditions, which was in itself a separate contract clearly distinguishable from the latter invitation of 20% deduction. Since no ‘consideration’ was paid to avail the 20% deduction, no valid contract affecting the same can be concluded. This is so because consideration is a formal necessity, which serves to distinguish those promises by which the promisor intends to be legally bound from those which are not seriously meant.4 The contract that was concluded on June, 15th 2005 did not contain any clause relating to a 20% discount on the total cost of reserving Avoca Haven. Hence a question regarding the enforceability of the â€Å"20% discount† offer does not arise at all.

My Role in the project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Role in the project - Essay Example The time element alone should be defined in terms of the number of seconds that would cover running the specified video or scene which includes interview and documentary narrations to be participated by selected graduate and undergraduate students, as well as relevant portions to be narrated by Professor David Keppel. The successful implementation of my tasks and responsibilities is due to the effective collaboration with all members of the group, and especially with the group leader, C. Sunnie Buchanan. Through the inspiring leadership style and strategies of scheduling meetings and creating the most advantageous group email created specifically to make correspondence easy and conveniently possible, I was able to take note of relevant information that is needed to be integrated within the creation of the script, storyline, and audio background. Likewise, my attendances to group meetings were also relevant in soliciting all necessary information from the rest of the group and to addr ess any eminent challenges. Finally, I realized that not because my role was defined as a producer means that my tasks should only be confined there. There were instances when I have already completed the tasks expected of me but I acknowledge that there are behind the scene activities that need to be taken cared of to ensure completion and success. As such, I did not hesitate to initiate assistance in areas where these are deemed necessary. Group Mates’ Contributions All group members contributed effectively and successfully to the group project. Through the leadership style, skills, and governance of C. Sunnie Buchanan, all members were able to comply with the assigned responsibilities at the identified time frame. The instrumental role of regular and constant open communication facilitated provision of feedbacks, progress, performance of duties, and the need to address any dilemma or challenges that were encountered. The rest of the members’ performance exceeds expe ctations and did not only adhere to the responsibilities noted but surpassed compliance to the assigned tasks. All graduate students worked collaboratively and cohesively. The contribution of Anthony Shearer to organize and provide direction to the successful implementation of tasks enabled us to progress in identified phases, as expected. The element of time management was evidently used in monitoring the progress of the project at its specific stages, from group formation, storming, norming and performing. The provision of clear and accurate objectives, roles and responsibilities, delegation of tasks, clearly identified time frame to comply with expected activities, and the design of group communication process contributed to the group’s success. Likewise, our group worked very well with the undergraduate students, especially with their leader, Donovan Jones-Betters, whose contribution included overseeing that their respective members comply with the tasks that were assigne d. Likewise, their assistance in selecting appropriate students to be interviewed and to be part of the video project was just commendable. My counterpart in production from the undergraduate students, Natalie Pina, likewise shared her insights and knowledge in terms of production design through tips on camera angle, lighting and quality of shots. The counterpart of Anthony Shearer in organization, Cassandra Gazzo, likewise provided inputs that focused on

Ethical Considerations in Business Decisions and Operations Essay

Ethical Considerations in Business Decisions and Operations - Essay Example Liberation of the financial services sector in the USA in the late 1990s translated to the freedom of financial institutions to offer a wide range of financial services to clients. Banks are allowed by the Securities and Exchange Commission to offer securities as they deem okay to their clients where it is the major financial players who usually benefit. The advantages of such a scenario are that it is good for the banks which are businesses just like any other hence interested in maximizing income. Banks also argue that distributing securities to established investors as opposed to small ones is a sure way of raising the much-needed publicity for small firms launching in an IPO. This happened between WordCom’s Mr. Ebbers and Salomon Barney through Mr. Grubman - an underwriter who enabled Mr. Ebbers to make $11 million in four years from IPOs (Romar, 2006). Ethical concerns, however, arise in cases involving very close relationships with financial institutions, analysts, and i nvestors. A case in point is the close relationship between Mr. Ebbers and Mr. Grubman which resulted in high rankings for WorldCom even when its stocks were actually falling. In the end, there was a misrepresentation of information to shareholders that kept them in the dark about changing fortunes (WorldCom's stocks had fallen by nearly 90% by the time Mr. Grubman came clean) finally leading to losses when WorldCom went bankrupt (Gini and Marcoux, 2008).... This was only sustainable through continued acquisitions hence when the government denied WordCom the permission to acquire Sprint in 2000 the management had to focus on raising value of the previous acquisitions which would be accompanied by fall in share value. In 2002, WordCom filed for bankruptcy admitting to financial adjustments of operating expenses as capital expenses to a tune of $9 billion in three years (Moberg and Romar, 2003). The situation at WordCom reveals a need to protect shareholders from bearing losses since they are the ultimate losers in the scenario where a company files for bankruptcy. The suggested protection needs only transparency and accountability in acquisition alongside ensuring that the GAAPs are strictly adhered to. This can be achieved through undertaking proper audits of acquisition processes since wholesome shelving of acquisition is waste of an opportunity for growth. Ethical Considerations when Banking Firms offer Special Clients Privilege in â⠂¬Å"Hot† IPO Auctions Liberation of financial services sector in the USA in the late 1990s translated to the freedom of financial institutions to offer a wide range of financial services to clients. Banks are allowed by the Securities and Exchange Commission to offer securities as they deem okay to their clients where it is the major financial players who usually benefit. The advantages of such a scenario is that it is good for the banks which are businesses just like any other hence interested in maximizing income. Banks also argue that distributing securities to established investors as opposed to small ones is a sure way of raising the much needed publicity for small firms launching in an IPO. This happened

The Electronic Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Electronic Media - Essay Example Let me explain you the theme of my content first. These eight heroines are performed on the stage through dance, music and instruments. 1. Abhisarika: She is a beautiful damsel secretly meets her lover at night. 2. Vasaksajja: This damsel has been dressed up beautifully and going to her husband for union. 3. Virahotkanthita: This damsel is distressed by her separation with her husband or lover. 4. Swadhinpatika: The damsel, who has given herself completely both physically and mentally to her husband or her lover. 5. Kalahantarita: Kalaha means quarrel or fight. This lady has quarrelled with her husband and separated from her husband. 6. Khandita: This lady has had a quarrel with her husband but still living with him. 7. Vipralabdha: This heroine is the lady who is deceived by her husband. She comes to know that he has spent his night with another lady. She is hurt and humiliated by the adultery. 8. Proshitpatika: Her husband has left her for some work. He promised to return on a part icular day and yet he has not come. So she is concerned and sad. It is a very beautiful concept for writing a script. Basically this is the script suitable for stage performance. Prior to internet, if I had to bring it before the audience, I would have written the script in the form of a play, a dance belle. Theatre was one of the major means to reach a large audience before electronic media. Theatre has a prolong history of thousands of years. Even before the advent of print media, theatre was the major source of reaching to the people. The content in the theme can be written in the form of dialogues and lyrics. It would create a good effect on the audience. The writer has a wide scope for creative writing. The program needs to be accompanied with traditional musical instruments and Indian classical music. Prior to print media, paintings or sculptors were also the media of communication. The producer used to share his content with his audience through painting and sculptors in anci ent time. The painters in those days used to convey the theme through their paintings. Here are the paintings of three of the eight Heroines according to their moods: Abhisarika Vasaksajja Virahotkanthita Distribution through print media: After the advent of print media, it became easy to reach the audience through articles and illustration. With the help of a good artist, the producer can make his content more effective with fantastic illustration of each heroine. In print media the theme of Ashtanayika (Eight Heroines) can be reached to the audience through articles accompanied by fantastic illustrations. Part 2: Distribution of Content through Electronic Media Manipulation of the Content for Radio: The distribution process became more complex and comprehensive after the advent of electronic media. Electronic media contain Radio, television and other New Media. Being a producer, if I want to reach to the large number of people, I have to redesign the same content to make it suitab le for radio. When we consider the same content for electronic media, we have to adapt the content according to the need of electronic media. Radio is regarded as a blind medium. The content, which

Business Structures and Securities 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Structures and Securities 1 - Essay Example Additionally, while concentrating on other areas regarding on how to make their business successful, the franchisor usually offers to secure a strategic location for the enterprise. This is to ensure the new franchisees do not fail to have adequate clientele once their business commences, hence little chances of the business of not succeeding. Therefore, partnership-franchising structure is more beneficial for sandwich owners, since they will not face stiff competition from the already established competitors (Spadaccini 225). Since the enterprise entails franchising, Sandwich shop owners do not have any right to sell or terminate it, but they can expand while using the franchisor’s brand, hence being an advantage (Spadaccini 382). However, the owners cannot end their relationship with the franchisors until the agreed date is over. This is because, at the onset of their cooperation, normally the franchisees get into a written contract with the franchisor, which the SEC ensures that each party keenly adheres to the stipulated decrees (Spadaccini

Plagiarism Essay Example for Free

Plagiarism Essay Plagiarism, in its simplest form, is merely literary theft. Plagiarism occurs when a writer duplicates another writers language or ideas and then calls the work his or her own (Plagiarism 2). Some times, one may plagiarize with little knowledge that he/she is doing so. Other times, one may feel the need to plagiarize because he/she waited until the last minute or one may not want to take the time to research correctly. Because of the many sources available to students, plagiarism has significantly increased within the last several years. In fact, in 2009, eighty percent of college students admitted to plagiarizing at least once (Plagiarism Statistics 2). There are several ways to prevent plagiarism, such as knowing when to site common knowledge, paraphrasing, and always citing correctly. Common knowledge is something that is generally known, however there is no clear boundary on what is considered common knowledge (Common Knowledge 1). Common knowledge can also carry the sense of â€Å"communal† knowledge—it is community information that no particular individual can fairly claim to own (Writing Center 1). Knowing when to cite common knowledge can be tricky. One way to tell whether or not a bit of information is common knowledge or not, is whether or not it is stated in five or more sources. So, if it’s known to educated people, or can be easily looked up, or appears in many sources, it is likely to be â€Å"common knowledge† and so does not need to be cited (Writing Center 2). However, if the information is not general knowledge to the educated public, then a proper citation is necessary. Because knowing when and when not to cite common knowledge can be an uncertainty, it is always best to just cite the information or ask a professor. A paper should only consist of about ten percent of direct quotations. Therefore, in order to keep verbatim quotes to a minimum, one can paraphrase. Paraphrasing is â€Å"ones own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form† (Driscoll 1). Essentially, paraphrasing is simply summarizing. However, it is a more concentrated, detailed summary on a single, specific topic. Reasons for paraphrasing may be to make sure one fully understands what the text says, or to use as expert evidence for a point one is trying to make in his/her own argumentative text. One must fully comprehend the entire passage or quotation and then write down his/her own rendition of the passage while making it clear that someone else’s ideas are being used. Plagiarism, despite the fact that it’s immoral and unethical, is an ongoing roblem in education facilities today. Although the statistics for the number of students who have admitted to plagiarism are staggering, there are a few ways one can make sure that he/she does not plagiarize. Understanding common knowledge and paraphrasing allows one to know when or when not to cite work. Authors work hard and deserve to have their work recognized and not stolen. With this in mind, remember to always give credit where credit is due.

Do Violent Films Cause Violence?

Do Violent Films Cause Violence? Media became a long run from history till present time. The motion picture from cartoons and real life human who acts out in plays and movies has developed a strong impact for the future. Before media made its money to develop better programs, technology and colors, media used black and white color so present their form of creativity in movies for people to enjoy. Those movies are often great examples to show people different life experience such as; social life, educational success, leaderships and other lessons that can be taught. Great lessons were able to be spread all around, and new stories were able to be told and perform. Nevertheless, when other companies see that different media is doing a better job, producing better theme, setting, and acting, they began to compete with one another. In order for the producer to keep high viewers, they start to change genres to capture more attentions. In addition, by doing this, most media and its society changed throughout many years, mo vies became more aggressive, convincing, sexually active, emotional, and very epic that caused most people to be violent. Most of these movies that are advertised in newspaper, channel commercials, side walks, and stores, will often persuade younger kids and teenagers to watch horror films, action movies, and unrealistic dramas that are visible in movies, due to their young age. However, most kids have not realized that at young ages, their minds are easily carried away from excitements, and fun advertisement. This changed most peoples personalities, characteristic in some of the ways other than the positives, such as negative; they happen to be more violent; they show more aggressions, and their body action changes. The different types of genre that inspire young kids and teenagers in many aspects that still exist in movies or novels are; Crime, Detective, Horror, Action, Epic/Myth, Fantasy, Gang-involve, Social Drama, and Thrillers. Most scenes show different kinds of violence, those are; domestic violence, abusive violence, and verbal attack that they use in novels or the movies. This is to show people that its an unhealthy relationship, and because now a day, most people are interested in life-drama theme, so they can relate their problems or issues to their partner. Since there are still domestic/relationship problems that involve in every-day issue, American media make most movies like how most problems are like. Hopefully it might show the person to stop being violent to their partner, because its very wrong, and hurtful, sometimes it might not inspire them to change for the better. Nevertheless, the domestic violence that has been going on, made the author decided to film A History of Vio lence, to support those who are getting hurt (McCarthy, Todd). Most television shows, shows the viewers who happen to be a kid, maybe an adult. Whether watching violent shows or playing video games, it has still given a higher chance to persuade younger kids to change in many perspectives. Their personality changes to becomes aggressive, which becomes very harmful to public, after most influences that people fall into. This also depends on the time span that a person would spend their time on watching, learning, or observing. In an article it mentioned, Exposure to violent electronic media has a larger effect than all but one other well known threat to public health. The only effect slightly larger than the effect of media violence on aggression is that of cigarette smoking on lung cancer, L. Rowel Huesmann, of the University of Michigan, and his colleague Brad Bushman said.. Media has a huge impact and inspiration to most peoples life. There is some type of people who likes to live in a fantasy. By doing this, it draws their attention to watch more their-like type of movies, or films. Then people would place their life in the story of the movie. It has changed many peoples lives, other than its attitude in life, but their views on society have changed as well. Before people started to be as aggressive and violent due to the medias influence, people were able to still communicate, get together, great influence to one another. Now its a lot different, people have strong opinion, their ways of thinking has advance, and their body motion are more complex in society. Everything that use to be once romantic, or lesson-learned, and even compromising, has turned into fights, negative influences, and discriminations, etc. There are still people who watches plays like Romeo and Juliet, but since everything in society is advance, most people expects a better theme running in the movie, therefore they have movies that will show a bit of pornography, or movies that are consider bad ass that were advertise coming soon in 3-D, in the movies theater (Markovitz, Adam). Young teens, should look more into the media fields, and realize that even producing new movies, songs, pictures, etc. there are people who has negative personality, and some that are really nice. Certain companies can be discriminate, and make movies based on making fun of another race, and when young kids watch it, they get influenced. The medias job is to entertain the people, and to entertain them in all sorts of way, and one way is to be funny. But kids did not notice that they got most of the jokes from internet, friends, films, plays, TV shows, etc. It is very true that not only creating movie films, or writing novels that can have an epic story line, influencing people to become more aggressive and violent, but violence in a verbally way. This is because watching movies that are just as scary, just as disgusting, horror, etc can also harm a persons health in many ways. Since most parents try to keep their children protected from other harms, or what their becoming will be in the future, they try not to let them watch too much epic shows. The news once mentioned that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ children from attending violent films. Nor does it apply to gory movies already out, such as Gremlins and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. But it will alert parents to the content of such films in the future, (Movie violence gets new label) Perhaps, this is the parents way of raising the kids to not get involve with too much of these genre that may affect their life. Yet, as much as violence are mentioned, most media tries to express their art to public, but forming types of theme into the movie performance. In other words, media tries to show audience that being violence isnt the answer, but for kids, they look at another way. Most think its cool to be involved with gang, after watching specific type of movie. Perhaps as a younger kid, they might not feel that its giving them a negative or positive impact in life, but in a way its showing them new things that they never explored or has seen before, which lures them to try. To be surprise, kids see a scene in some movies, where for examples, underage are prohibit to go into legal age bars, so they use nasty body motions, pushing and shoving, thinking its a way to get through them. In the text it mentioned, Some people think the best way to get people into theaters is to show violence. Sometimes different gangs come to theaters because they want to see movies on the first night, and two gangs get together and fight, (Whats behind the black-on-black violence at movie theaters) However, media is only trying to do its part by producing different type of genre/themes that fits most audience to watch, since now a days, most movies arent has interesting as it once use to be. Verbal violence includes profanities that are often being used in films, and every day languages in the streets, when people fight, when they talk, or even for fun. When people watch films, modern times often use a lot of swear words, in scenes where two people are arguing, and get into fights, every sentences are shout out with swear words. When kids and teenager hear it, they think its a term people should use to express their emotions and style of getting nasty with one another. Its not just in the kids, but most grown up adults uses profanities in their language. Most TV shows, like the Maury Show, tries to censor negative words for people to watch at home. But the ones that are actually watching the show live can hear it. Most producers try to eliminate as much negative influence as possible, hoping that it will change the violence within the nation today. The exaggerated mugging and pantomime required for communication between characters on screen impart a histrionic falsity to the most passionate declaration and turn tragedy into melodrama, (Arts in the 1970s: Overview) Lack of communication is one way people cannot get along, then they find ways to hurt each other, whether its body language, getting physical, or verbal violence, but it is definitely a problem that most people experience, even today. In some problems, Directors argues to censorship. Its very understandable when some producer wants to display the negative language out in the films to show what kind of tragedy that is going on at this time. But most people believe that it will only be harmful to the kids, and what that is coming ahead for kids to get influence. In fact, kids rather have swear words indicate in magazines, movies, and even novel. To them, its a sign of entertainments, or genuine moviemaking situations. As public views the censors, they get bored, or mad, because words are being blocked, and it cuts out some other words that are being used in the sentence, and it annoys the audiences. But television shows like Maury Show has different task each day, and some are beneficial for kids, and adults, so if they have negative language spoken in public, then the show becomes very unhealthy for people to watch on the television. Other television shows like Jerry Springer also censor swear words, but there isnt a beneficial lesson that are being taught in the show. One of the reason people calls themselves and the person who is involved in the situation, they go to the show to argue, and then they fight. Has people forgotten that violence does not even solve anything, it only proves to their enemies that oh I beat you, I am the more dominate, or strongest one, Even though movies separate the level rating for specific age to watch, kids are still able to sneak in theater to watch what is not suitable for them, thats how strong media advertise things. It shows a strong persuasive desire to watch their films. Before movies starts, if there are any warning that needs to be given out to public, it would say on film, The pictures distributor include a warning in advertising that this film may be too intense for younger children. (Bronson, Gail, and Ste Hawkins) Yet, most people ignore it, because they do not bother to read it, theyre too excited to watch whats going to be played in the film. If that is the case, where separating ages so that they have their specific level of movies to watch does not help, then it also proves that most people does not respect the safety that is going on. Movies such as the Hang Over, have gotten many kids to gossip about this movie. All parents want their child to be a great student in school, get good education in school, and to come out to be successful. No parents would want their child getting hang over after parties and parties, or might encounter different type of influence that they do not want their child to be hanging around. When drinking, it changes the persons attitude, they will become very aggression, or more emotional about things. In fact it makes the person very convincing and vulnerable. Just like how most kids from middle school, high school, and the adulthood who has seen the movie Hang Over, should have an idea what it is like. Also if most parents has not notice, but the more demand that they have more a child, the m ore it persuades or motivates them to try to do something the parents does not approve, such as drinking, partying, and even gang involvements. In an article it stated that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦are reporting that parents who steer their kids away from R-rated films usually prevail against peer pressure on kids to drink alcohol. (Study: Parental Guidance on Movies Curbs Drinking) Even so, if most parents that are against it, it still gives the kids an idea to still try. But the kids mind isnt as complex as an adult, so they would not often think about the consequence that they will go through when they get in trouble with drinking. It boost their ability to be much different for a short time span, when a person gets aggressive they rage out of control. Physical fighting are involve with drinking too, some people feel that they get stronger, and unstoppable after they drink, and no one can possible stop them, some just go around looking for trouble to complete their anger or stress. This i s very unhealthy, and they do not need this in their body. Instead of fueling up at bars and then roaming around looking for trouble, potential criminals pass the prime hours for mayhem eating popcorn and watching celluloid villains slay in their stead. (Economists say movie violence might temper the real thing) One of the major issues that are happening in society is that women are being abuse in relationship; it does not necessary means that they are being physically hurt by men, or women, but they are hurt mentally. Violence can be caused in such ways if the men pressure the women to have sex with them, or else they would leave. Most of this problem can be found in movies, to provide people ideas what it is like. But for most of the people, they think its funny, they think its entertaining. Yet, most movie turns on the people into doing it, when movies shows scenes where theres a lot of things going on, it creates a hormones to teenagers and adults into the mood. Media wants the audience to feel like they are being placed in the movie, to know what its like, but when teenagers are watching it, some can be very irresponsible. As for most people, disrespect men would keep their girls around to satisfy them. They would say things that sound convincing and meaningful, to pressure girls to hav e sex with them. When the girl does not, relationship can turn into violent, continuous argument and very abusive. In a magazine it stated, girls often say, its a ridiculous argument to be having because youre never going to solve it. (But seriously) Yet the women insist to stay with the man. Many young children fantasize their life to the story line of the movie, either they wish they could be in their shoe, or they do not want to face reality. Movies portray a strong role for young kid, as their minds are not as settled as older adult. Some kids encounter scenes in the movies where a kid can be the hero if they see a bully, bullying a kid. So when they see that happens in real life, things are often tougher and different from films, but there are kids that try to defend for others, and get into dangerous fight. Unequivocal evidence from a wide variety of studies shows that in the short term exposing children to violence in movies, TV, video games and music increases physical and verbal aggression, and aggressive thoughts and emotions, (Bad influence.[Upfront: news in perspective]) Other times when kids get tempted to do harmful things to females, and much unexpected actions from kids. Perhaps those are times when kids can be the time where they are growing up, and its natural to feel new things, and explore different experience. But some movies consist of scenes where a person can be violently raping a little girl. There can be some psychotic people out there who can be encourage to do that, or be tempted after watching certain films. R-rated movies portray violence and other behaviors deemed inappropriate for children under 17 year of age. (R-rated movies increase likelihood of underage children trying alcohol) Even though these are inappropriate for children underage, these find ways to be difference whether its being violence, fitting in with other groups, and trying to be cool. Watching too much television show can not only turn aggression into violence, but it will affect their education in many ways. There are kids out there, who want to catch up to their episodes, so they sit and watch after every episodes. After watching too much episodes, any sorts of negative or positive impact draws drills into their mind. When they go to school, most that they think about is the television serious they watched all night. When parents want the child to go to sleep, eat, shower, or even do their homework, they refuse to. They will find ways to rebel from their parents into letting them do whatever they want to do. Sometimes if parents gets aggressive, they would either pull the plug from the outlet, take their privileges away from them, the kids would get mad and physical. When they want it bad, they would throw things, break things, and use verbal violence to yell at parents. Perhaps now days, people are more interested in romance series, that also shows more violenc e and sex involved, that keeps them up watching. When you look at the average, todays PG-13 movies are approaching what the R movies looked like in 1992. Todays PG is approaching what PG-13 looked like a decade ago, (Kimberly Thompson). Throughout the media history, motion picture from cartoons and real life human who acts out in plays and movies has developed a strong impact for the future. As modern time uses their form of creativity in movies to show kids what things can possibly be going on in life, it also gives them a bad impact. Nevertheless most movies are suppose to show people different life experience such as; social life, educational success, leaderships and other lessons that can be taught but media and its society changed throughout many years, movies became more aggressive, convincing, sexually active, emotional, and very epic that caused most people to be violent. The advertised in newspaper, channel commercials, side walks, and stores, will often persuade younger kids and teenagers to watch horror films, action movies, and unrealistic dramas that are visible in movies, due to their minor age. However, most kids have not realized that at young ages, their minds are easily carried away from excitement s, and fun advertisement. This changed most peoples personalities, characteristic in some of the ways other than the positives, such as negative; they happen to be more violent; they show more aggressions, and their body action changes.

Introduction To Cultural Anthropology Religion Essay

Introduction To Cultural Anthropology Religion Essay 1. Sorcery vs. witchcraft; ? almost identical terms as both use the magic spells, mystical or paranormal means to harness occult forces to produce desired results. Ideally speaking, persons pursuing witchcraft do not aim at producing evil results. Somehow the term sorcery is used pejoratively to denote the use of supernatural powers to produce unnatural and negative course of events. [0 Source: http://www.witchcraft.com.au/witchcraft-and-sorcery.html] sorcery -can be learnt and practiced by anyone, use of materilas to invoke supernatural powers to harm people. witchcraft- is considered to result from inherent mystical powers and is practiced by invisible means. No use of materials rather harm through use of T supernatural means, but through emotions and thought alone. [0 Source: http://www.witchcraft.com.au/witchcraft-and-sorcery.html] 2. Animism, ? is the absence of any belief in god, rather, belief that people have souls or spirits in addition to physical, visible bodies [0 Source: http://quizlet.com/dictionary/animism/] 3. Polytheism,? is the belief of multiple deities also usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with their own mythologies and rituals. Lead to rise in religious class which holds special powers for the devine legitimacy. Usually the religious follows through hereditary. [0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism] 4. Monotheism; ? the belief in the existence of one god, one supreme. Religious power usually only under hands of religious class. 5. Magic; ? ? System of supernatural beliefs which leads to manipulation of the forces. Usually for specific purpose such as protection from illness, misfortune, natural evens, and cure and even prevent illness from occurring. Usually individually oriented, and practiced at irregular times- in times of need. 2. Short essays (one/two paragraphs): IN YOUR OWN WORDS, respond to any TWO of the following questions. Illustrate with examples. There is no need for citations. Please make sure to copy down the question in your paper in its entirety, bold it, and then follow it with your response. (10 points) 1. Define ritual and the sacred. What functions do formal rituals play in society? How about the sacred? Illustrate with examples. 2. Define Rites of Passage. What are their functions in society? Who are the main anthropologists who discuss it? What are the different stages of a rite of passage? Illustrate with an example. How do the stages of a Rite of Passage apply to your example? A ritual event that marks a person s progress from one status to another, usually shows anthropologist what s important for a certain culture, usually in a ceremony form surrounded events such as puberty, coming of age, marriage, and deaths. Some examples of rites of passage for religion are baptism, confirmations, which are important to certain religions. This Idea of Rites of passage was introduced by Arnold van Gennep, as first introduced the idea of the transitional phase between childhood and full inclusion into a social group. According to Gennep it has three phases, the Separation, transition and Re-incorporation phases. In the first state its the withdraw from current status as you prepare to more from one status to another, usually symbolized by detachment of a individual or group to symbolize the cutting away from your old self. The second state is the period between the old stage and new stage, also the most dangerous. You haven t entered the new stage but already left the old stage. The threshold. And the thirdstage is the re-incorporation where you are not defined as a new person through a new stage. You completed your duty and are ready to reeneter the world as a new person, which can be symbolized by a ring, belt, crown, or anything else. An example of this idea if graduation, the seperation stage is when you are separated from your family and on stage. The inbetween stage is when you are actually standing up but have not yet gotten your diploma this is the threshold- your not a graduate yet but at the same time you are no longer a student. and the reincorporation is when you sit back down as a college graduate and go back with your family no longer on stage. 3. Discuss the difference between illegal alien and undocumented worker as discussed by Leo Chavez in Shadowed Lives. When you normally think of someone who is an illegal alien and an undocumented worker its usually the same idea. according to Chavez in Shadowed lives these two are different concepts when it comes to immigrants. On page 15 Chavez defines the undocumented immigrants- when speaking of individuals who have crossed the border illegally, without the consent of the INS, and who reside in the United States. so in simple terms they are immigrants with out documents from the INS. One the other hand the idea Illegal Alien is defines as the legality of undocumented immigrants presence in the United States. They are not legitimate members of the community. They are rather outsiders, but actually they are the same thing as an undocumented worker just with a negative connotation. And missed qualities due to the words alien- outsiders. Both illegal aliens and undocumented workers do the same act just one is followed with negative connotation with the names illegal and a alien. 3. Long Essay (5 paragraphs/sections). Answer any ONE of the following. Remember to structure your response in a five paragraph/sections format (Introduction, three body paragraphs/sections, conclusion). Always start by defining your terms. Illustrate your response with examples, materials from readings, lectures, and class discussions. For question 1, you are expected to reference/cite at least three sources from your readings. For questions 2 and 3, you are expected to reference at least three examples. Remember to include a bibliography at the end of your essay. (25 points) 1. Define religion. How do anthropologists approach religion? What are some of the common cross-cultural features of religion? How do anthropologists classify religious forms? What are the main types found around the world? What are the main functions in society? Lastly, in your conclusion, discuss whether you think religion hinders or encourages social change. Illustrate with ethnographic evidence and materials from class discussion and readings. Religion is a term that is used by anthropologists in order to define a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful and long lasting moods, formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothes with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivation seem uniquely realistic (Geertz). In reality the definition of religion is one that is difficult to distinguish from social institutions since there are different rituals for each religion and some ideas can be religion for some but not for others. This is where boundaries usually get blurred and non-existent, therefore unable to have a definite religion. Anthropologists usually look at the idea of religion to view the hierarchy of a culture as well as to compare and contrast different cultures and their beliefs. One of the common cross-cultural features of religious if the idea of the supernatural ideology. The supernatural is the idea that tends to be in every culture just in different ways. But usually related to two forms the non-human and the human origin. The Nonhuman origin is the Gods whom are named different personalities. The other form is spirits- these are unnamed supernatural beings of non-human origin who are beneath the gods in prestige and often closer to the people, these can be evil, helpful and even mischievous. The Human origin of supernatural beings is Ghosts whom were once human since they are the souls of the dead people. As well as ancestral spirits whom are the ghosts of dead relatives. The way that we interact with the supernatural seems to be different depending on the culture; this can be by prayer, physiological experience, simulations, feasts, as well as sacrifices of animals or other things. The main parts of religion that anthropologists look at are cults which are forms of religions that have heir own set of beliefs, rituals, and goals (Ferraro) which vary from Individualistic, which have no religious specialists but rather each person has a personal calling/relationship with the spirit. Followed by the Shamanistic cults, which are part time religious specialists who have supernatural powers by either birth or training. This is where all contemporary societies have their own method of a shaman. The roles that one has is a healer, fortune telling in exchange for gifts, and possesses the power to control spirits, and prevent them from causing harm. Followed by Communal Cult- which as an elaborate set of beliefs, where groups of people conduct religious functions on behalf of community, Such as rites of passage or rites of solidarity (Gennep). The last cult that is followed by anthropologists is the Ecclesiastical cults, which are monotheistic, or polytheistic religions, with full time professional clergy, who is either elected of appointed. With these cults women are usually not associated with this class. Usually consisting of a hierarchy between the clergy and the lay people, where the clergy are the ritual managers who are active and the lay people whom are passive. The main types of religions in the world have Christian fundamentalism, which have increased over the past decades, with the influence of public national and international policies. These usually restrict scientific and technological innovations. The second type is the Islamic fundamentalism and the religious nationalism where the movements to merge religions are in the hands of governmental institutions and leaders. As well as globalization by the western societies seen as a threat, which lead to safety of religion but rather brought in more restrictions. In conclusion I think that religion actually encourages social change because we are always finding new ways of defining our world, we always have people that are fighting against religious beliefs, therefore the longer we have it the more of a threat it will be and the more things that religious talks about will be debunked. We are seeing religion as being an essential part of life but its always resulting a a change in society for the better or for the worse, with different people falling under different categories of Atheism, polytheistic and monotheistic, due to new findings. Therefore religious is actually encouraging change not stopping change from occurring. You always have people that actually believe once again or those that believe in more than one god, or those that completely lost hope in religious due to new studies. > C. Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, in Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion , ed. M. Banton (London: Tavistock, 1966): 1-46 > Gennep, van Arnold, Rites of passage. 1960. > Ferraro, Chapter 12 Part 1, Supernatural Beliefs. Powerpoint- Religion and Magic.

A Funny Thing Happened On the Way to the Theater :: Personal Narrative Acting Papers

A Funny Thing Happened On the Way to the Theater September 5, 2000: First Audition Less than a week ago, I had never auditioned for anything. Tonight, I was on stage with forty or so actors, most of whom had several plays to their credit. As I had neither a major, nor past plays to back me up, I was nervous. I survived it all anyway, and had fun despite the scary scary evaluative process. September 7, 2000: Callbacks The hyper-talkative freshman girl in my French class looked at the callback list before I had a chance to. She wouldn’t tell me if my name was on it, she only wanted to whine that hers wasn’t. After our classes were done, Kaitlin and I checked the list, and were both called back for both possible plays. (yeah!) The second round of auditions began at 7PM, so I had just enough time to get there after standard Thursday night wine tasting. My sister said it would bring me luck, â€Å"I would cast a cute pink-cheeked girl over a regular girl any day!† September 8, 2000: Cast List I’m in a play! Yeah for me! Yeah for me! I’m in a play and I have never been in one before! I have a character name and everything. I am Myrrhina in Plautus’ Roman farce â€Å"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Wedding.† My character is a drunk. Perhaps those pink cheeks gave me the edge I needed. Rehearsals start Monday, preliminary costume fitting after work today. Oh my. September 11, 2000: First Rehearsal I was the first one to arrive; Askanase auditorium was dark as I stepped tentatively onto the stage. A conference table sat with roughly 20 chairs guarding the periphery. My role prior to this point was that of an audience member; tonight, I entered a new world. Sitting in the glare of the harsh work lights, the chairs of the auditorium were hardly visible. I took a spot at the center of the table, not wanting to be too close to either end. I faced the door so that I could see the others as they filed in. Several of the cast members knew each other, I know them only as staples of the NDSU theater community. The group dynamic is a little intimidating; I hardly spoke at all tonight.

Public Relations Issues :: essays research papers

As the public relations manger I have been asked to outline issues with regards to the working conditions within this firm. I have had concerns about a variety of areas and I wish to address you all on them. As new employees you are required to do the same job as others in the same position for the same amount of money. Because you are new does not mean you should be paid any less than some one who has been working there the longer than you. An award is a document that sets out the rights and responsibilities of employees who work in a particular type of job, regardless of who they are employed by. An individual employer gets no say in an award once it has been put in place. The award is designed to protect the rights of employees. The system of awards developed from the English system in the 19th century when protection against employers who would do the wrong thing by employees when exploited workers are being paid a very low wage and are expected to work long hours. An Award wage is in place to protect you as employees from being paid less that of what is required. Awards set out the minimum wage and conditions of employment for specific employees. These awards can include things such as the minimum rates of pay and allowances, overtime, shift penalty and other penalty rates, how If the many hours of work are required and leave provisions such as sick leave or personal leave. The protection for employees given by awards is good, but it is not always a strong form of protection when put to work. Employees might find that their employer is underpaying them. In other words the employer is paying them less than they are entitled to under the ward which is illegal. Though many employees are often unwilling to do anything about it because they think if they do complain their employer will make it harder for them at work or find a way to get them dismissed which is no exception. The employers also have many rights just as you the employee does. Some of the employers rights include. Paying the correct wages and deducting tax from employee’s wages, Contributing to the employee’s superannuation. The superannuation guarantee has been in place since 1st of July 1992 and it requires employers to provide sufficient superannuation support for their employees.

Civil engineering (outline) :: essays research papers

Civil Engineer I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A construction engineer can plan, design, and build any thing from roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, bridges, dams, and water systems all over the world. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Job Information A. Pay 1. In Idaho they get paid $17.50 to $41.88 2. Nationally they get paid $19.65 to $44.24 B. Special requirements 1. Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering 2. Engineering license a. 4 years as an engineer in training b. Pass the professional engineer exam C. Employment 1. About 228,000 work as civil engineers in Nationally 2. About 1,180 civil engineers work III. Preparations A. Complete a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering 1. A lot get a master’s degree B. Have strong observational skills C. Be creative IV. Specific Activities A. Plan, design, and build 1. Roads 2. Buildings 3. Airports, 4. Tunnels 5. Bridges 6. Dams 7. Water systems B. Test for strength 1. Soil 2. Materials C. Conduct studies 1. Traffic patterns 2. Environmental conditions V. Work conditions A. Physical 1. Work both indoors and outdoors 2. Exposed to contaminants 3. Exposed to very hot or cold weather 4. Exposed to hazardous equipment A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hours/ travel 1. Usually work standard 40-hour weeks 2. May work longer to meet deadlines 3. Travel a lot to get to work sites B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interpersonal relationships 1. Deal with external costumers or associates 2. Sometimes placed in a conflict situation VI. Common Activities A. Think creatively B. Use computers C. Provide information 1. Devices 2. Equipment 3. Structures D. Estimate 1. Size 2. Time 3. Cost 4. Quantities 5. Materials needed VII. Skills and abilities A. Use math and science 1. Choose a mathematical method 2. Use math skills to solve problems

Natural Resources

Natural resource Natural resources (economically referred to as land or raw materials) are naturally forming substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form. A natural resource's value rests in the amount and extractability of the material available and the demand for it. The latter is determined by its usefulness to production. A commodity is generally considered a natural resource when the primary activities associated with it are extraction and purification, as opposed to creation.Thus, mining, petroleum extraction, fishing, hunting, and forestry are generally considered natural-resource industries, while agriculture is not. The term was introduced to a broad audience by E. F. Schumacher in his 1973 book Small is Beautiful. [1] The term is defined by the United States Geological Survey as â€Å"The Nation's natural resources include its minerals, energy, land, water, and biota. â€Å"[2] | | Classification of natural forms Natural resources are mostly classified into renewable and non-renewable resources.Sometimes resources are classified as non-renewable even if they are technically renewable, just not easily renewed within a reasonable amount of time, such as fossil fuels. Non-renewable resources Main article: Non-renewable resource Some non-renewable resources can be renewable but take an extremely long time to renew. Fossil fuels, for example, take millions of years to form and so are not practically considered ‘renewable'. Different non-renewable resources like oil, coal, natural gas etc. have different levels of demand from different sectors like transportation and residences with each resource specializing for each sector. 3] Many environmentalists propose a tax on consumption of non renewable resources. Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced or can only be replaced over thousands or millions of years. Natural capital Natural resources are natural capital converted to commodity inputs to infrastructura l capital processes. [4][5] They include soil, timber, oil, minerals, and other goods harvested from the Earth. Both extraction of the basic resource and refining it into a purer, directly usable form, (e. g. , metals, refined oils) are generally considered natural-resource activities, even though the latter may not necessarily occur near the former.This process generates high profits due to the high demand for the natural resources and the energies that they are able to generate. A nation's natural resources often determine its wealth in the world economic system and its diplomatic, military, and political influence. Developed nations are those which are less dependent on natural resources for wealth, due to their greater reliance on infrastructural capital for production. However, some see a resource curse whereby easily obtainable natural resources could actually hurt the prospects of a national economy by fostering political corruption.Political corruption can negatively impact the national economy because time is spent giving bribes or other economically unproductive acts instead of the generation of generative economic activity. This has been seen over the years with legislation passed to appease companies who will benefit. There also tends to be concentrations of ownership over specific plots of land that have proven to yield natural resources. In recent years, the depletion of natural capital and attempts to move to sustainable development have been a major focus of development agencies.This is of particular concern in rainforest regions, which hold most of the Earth's natural biodiversity – irreplaceable genetic natural capital. Conservation of natural resources is the major focus of natural capitalism, environmentalism, the ecology movement, and green politics. Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations. Types of resources Natural Resources Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants.Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into: †¢ Biotic – Biotic resources are the ones which are obtained from the biosphere. Forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms are important examples. Minerals such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they were formed from decayed organic matter. †¢ Abiotic – Abiotic resources comprise of non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.On the basis of the stage of development, natural resources may be called: †¢ Potential Resources – Potential resources are those which exist in a region and may be used in the future. For example, mineral oil may exist in many parts of India having sedimentary rocks but till t he time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. †¢ Actual Resources are those which have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. For example, the petroleum and the natural gas which is obtained from the Bombay High Fields.The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource which can be developed profitably with available technology is called a reserve. On the basis of renewability, natural resources can be categorized into: †¢ Renewable Resources – Renewable resources are the ones which can be replenished or reproduced easily. Some of them, like sunlight, air, wind, etc. , are continuously available and their quantity is not affected by human consumption.Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining a flow. Some of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal; others, like water, take a comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take even longer. †¢ Non-renewable Resources – Non-renewable resources are formed over very long geological periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted. Out of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them.But coal and petroleum cannot be recycled. On the basis of ownership,resources can be classified into:individual,community,national,and international Individual resources: Human resources Human beings are also considered to be resources because they have the ability to change raw materials into valuable resources. The term Human resources can also be defined as the skills, energies, talents, abilities and knowledge that are used for the production of goods or the rendering of services. While taking into account human beings as resources, the following things have to be kept in mind: †¢ The size of the population The capabilities of the individuals in that population Resource use and sustainable development Many resources cannot be consumed in their original form. They have to be processed in order to change them into more usable commodities. This is known as resource development. With the rise in human numbers all over the world, the demand for resources has also increased. However, there is a difference in distribution of resources to different regions or countries. Developed countries use more resources than developing countries. The rising demand coupled with the over-consumption of resources has led to several problems: †¢ Resource depletion Accumulation of resources in the hands of a few †¢ Environmental degradation †¢ Tragedy of the commons †¢ Resource curse Uses of our Natural Resources Rock and mineral resources have a wide variety of uses and play a huge role in our lives The Mineral Information Institute has a poster showing how much of a variety of minerals each person uses in his or her lifetime. Minerals are important to our health. We need small amounts of a wide variety of minerals. Minerals found in Tennessee which people need include: calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, fluoride, iron, and zinc.Coal, oil and natural gas provide us with almost all of the energy we use to light, heat and run our world. Minerals are ingredients in almost all of the products we use from fertilizer to plastics, from toothpaste to kitty litter, from knives to plates. Minerals are common ingredients in pigments. In fact, some of the earliest uses of minerals were as pigments. Minerals also play an important role in the processing of materials. Bentonite is important in well drilling, Barite is important in oil drilling. Fluorite is important in making steel |Resource |How are our resources used? characteristics exploited) | |Barite | Used in oil drilling to weigh down the oil and prevent gushers (high specific gravity), filler in paint, glass, | | |toothpaste. | |Chert |Used to make stone tools. (hardness, fracture patterns). Used as fill to provide a stable base for roads | | |(insolubility) | |Clay |Used to make pottery and bricks.Used for pet litter (ability to absorb water) | |Chalcopyrite (copper)|Copper is used to make electrical wiring (electrical conductivity). Used in alloys – bronze and brass (low | | |melting point, beauty, resistance to oxidation) Used as an ingredient in pigments (blue and green) | |Coal |Used as a fuel (flammable). The oils and tars produced processing coal are processed into a variety of organic | | |solvents and compounds such as plastics, motor fuel, photo developer, perfume, medicine, and sugar substitute. |Fluorite |Used as a flux – i. e. used as an intermediate chemical to separate metals from waste material. Another important | | |product made from fluorite is hydrofluoric acid, which is used in the pottery, optics, and plastics industry. | | |Fluorite is also used in making opalescent glass and in enameling cookware. | |Galena (lead) |The largest use of lead is in automotive batteries. It is also used as weights (high specific gravity).Used as | | |an ingredient in solder (soft, low melting point. ). Until recently it was also used as an ingredient in paint and| | |as an additive in gasoline to make engines run more smoothly. | |Gypsum |Gypsum is primarily used to make wallboard. It is also an ingredient in cement. | |Ilmenite (titanium) |Titanium is used in alloys to make strong light-weight materials – space ships, bicycles Used to make white paint| | |- non-toxic replacement for lead, which used to be used for this purpose. low reactivity) | |Iron |Iron is used for tools, for appliances, for building supports. It is also used as a pigment (red and ochre) | |Limestone |Limestone is used as building stone, for ornamental stone f or surfaces and sculpture, to make cement and mortar, | | |as crushed stone for fill | |Mussel Shells |Mussel shells were used as ceremonial objects.European Americans have used shells as ornaments – buttons and | | |pearls for jewelry. | |Oil/Natural Gas |Oil and natural gas are used as fuels and ingredients in the chemical industry to produce petroleum based | | |products notably plastics. | |Phosphate |Phosphate is used as a fertilizer and to make phosphoric acid which is a major ingredient in food products such | | |as cola drinks. | |Saltpeter |Saltpeter was used as a fertilizer (source of nitrogen) and as an ingredient in gunpowder.It has now been | | |replaced by the related compound ammonium nitrate which can be manufactured in the laboratory. | |Sand & Gravel |Sand and gravel are used as fill to provide a stable foundation for buildings and roads. | |Sandstone |Sandstone is used as a building material. | |Sphalerite (zinc) |Zinc is used as an ingredient in brass (wit h copper). It is used to coat (galvanize) iron implements to protect | | |them from rusting.It is used as a pigment (white) | Natural resources are raw materials we use to make other products. These include trees, minerals, aquatic life, gravel, coal, and many others. How can businesses remove these resources from an area and still maintain a working landscape? Responsible businesses know that they can make money producing products or gathering natural resources while they minimize the damage to their surroundings. Take a look at some products and possible damage from forestry, mining, and aquaculture.Forestry The forest industry is made up of businesses involved in the growing and harvesting of trees and other plant life from forests. |Products |Damages | |wood products |They provide lumber or timber for |clearcutting |Removing a large block of trees exposes ground, which is| | |building houses, boats, decks, and | |vulnerable to soil erosion. | |furniture. | | | |paper |They cre ate pulp to make paper and |log jams |Over cutting may result in logs piling up and blocking | | |paper products. | |the natural flow of water. | |Christmas trees |They grow, cut, and sell Christmas |lost recreational |Forest landscapes are degraded. Who wants to visit a | | |trees. value |forest with no trees, or a river clogged with trees? | |landscaping |They fulfill our landscaping needs |lost renewable |New trees may not be planted. Forests are not renewable | | |with trees and plants. |resource |resources unless trees are planted to replace the trees | | | | |cut down. This also displaces wildlife. | MiningMining is the process or business of removing ore, soil, rock, and minerals from the ground or from mountains. |Products |Damages | |Coins |Historically and currently used as |Reclamation | | |money. |Reclamation means restoring land that has been altered.Mining pits must be | | | |reclaimed after mining operations cease. Poor mining practices can destroy the| | | |environme nt and cost taxpayers a lot of money in clean-up. | | | |Habitat destruction | | | |Animal habitats are destroyed and biodiversity is compromised. | | |Pollution | | | |Mining by-products, called tailings, can pollute our air and water. | |Gold/Silver Standards|Influence the value of currency. | | |Fossil Fuels |Provide fuel by burning. | |Nutrition |Minerals are often used in vitamins. | | |Building Materials |Provide materials used in | | | |construction like aluminum and | | | |concrete. | |Jewelry |Gold, silver, diamonds and other | | | |precious stones provide material for | | | |jewelry. | |Gravel |Gravel is used to build roads and is | | | |mixed into cement to form concrete. | | Aquaculture Aquaculture is the business of raising marine or freshwater fish or shellfish under controlled conditions. |Products |Damages | |Oyster |Netpens |   |Areas of waterways that are lined off by nets; these result in large quantities of waste (just like other forms of intensive | | |animal production). | | | | | |Aquaculture Waste | | |Processing wastes are often released directly into natural bodies of water. | | | | |Protein | | |Many fish are carnivorous—they eat meat. The food provided in fish farms may not contain meat protein. The fish who eat this | | |food do not possess the same amount of protein as their natural counterparts. This can result in a less healthy fish. | | | | |Mangroves | | |Fishing operations (shrimp farms in particular) have damaged mangroves—trees and shrubs forming buffering boundaries between | | |land and saltwater environments. (This is an important ecosystem along coastlines. | |Clams | | |   | | |Shrimp | | |   | | |Lobster | | |   | | |Salmon | | |   | | |Trout | | |   | | Natural Resources Natural resource Natural resources (economically referred to as land or raw materials) are naturally forming substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form. A natural resource's value rests in the amount and extractability of the material available and the demand for it. The latter is determined by its usefulness to production. A commodity is generally considered a natural resource when the primary activities associated with it are extraction and purification, as opposed to creation.Thus, mining, petroleum extraction, fishing, hunting, and forestry are generally considered natural-resource industries, while agriculture is not. The term was introduced to a broad audience by E. F. Schumacher in his 1973 book Small is Beautiful. [1] The term is defined by the United States Geological Survey as â€Å"The Nation's natural resources include its minerals, energy, land, water, and biota. â€Å"[2] | | Classification of natural forms Natural resources are mostly classified into renewable and non-renewable resources.Sometimes resources are classified as non-renewable even if they are technically renewable, just not easily renewed within a reasonable amount of time, such as fossil fuels. Non-renewable resources Main article: Non-renewable resource Some non-renewable resources can be renewable but take an extremely long time to renew. Fossil fuels, for example, take millions of years to form and so are not practically considered ‘renewable'. Different non-renewable resources like oil, coal, natural gas etc. have different levels of demand from different sectors like transportation and residences with each resource specializing for each sector. 3] Many environmentalists propose a tax on consumption of non renewable resources. Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced or can only be replaced over thousands or millions of years. Natural capital Natural resources are natural capital converted to commodity inputs to infrastructura l capital processes. [4][5] They include soil, timber, oil, minerals, and other goods harvested from the Earth. Both extraction of the basic resource and refining it into a purer, directly usable form, (e. g. , metals, refined oils) are generally considered natural-resource activities, even though the latter may not necessarily occur near the former.This process generates high profits due to the high demand for the natural resources and the energies that they are able to generate. A nation's natural resources often determine its wealth in the world economic system and its diplomatic, military, and political influence. Developed nations are those which are less dependent on natural resources for wealth, due to their greater reliance on infrastructural capital for production. However, some see a resource curse whereby easily obtainable natural resources could actually hurt the prospects of a national economy by fostering political corruption.Political corruption can negatively impact the national economy because time is spent giving bribes or other economically unproductive acts instead of the generation of generative economic activity. This has been seen over the years with legislation passed to appease companies who will benefit. There also tends to be concentrations of ownership over specific plots of land that have proven to yield natural resources. In recent years, the depletion of natural capital and attempts to move to sustainable development have been a major focus of development agencies.This is of particular concern in rainforest regions, which hold most of the Earth's natural biodiversity – irreplaceable genetic natural capital. Conservation of natural resources is the major focus of natural capitalism, environmentalism, the ecology movement, and green politics. Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations. Types of resources Natural Resources Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants.Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into: †¢ Biotic – Biotic resources are the ones which are obtained from the biosphere. Forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms are important examples. Minerals such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they were formed from decayed organic matter. †¢ Abiotic – Abiotic resources comprise of non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.On the basis of the stage of development, natural resources may be called: †¢ Potential Resources – Potential resources are those which exist in a region and may be used in the future. For example, mineral oil may exist in many parts of India having sedimentary rocks but till t he time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. †¢ Actual Resources are those which have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. For example, the petroleum and the natural gas which is obtained from the Bombay High Fields.The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource which can be developed profitably with available technology is called a reserve. On the basis of renewability, natural resources can be categorized into: †¢ Renewable Resources – Renewable resources are the ones which can be replenished or reproduced easily. Some of them, like sunlight, air, wind, etc. , are continuously available and their quantity is not affected by human consumption.Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining a flow. Some of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal; others, like water, take a comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take even longer. †¢ Non-renewable Resources – Non-renewable resources are formed over very long geological periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted. Out of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them.But coal and petroleum cannot be recycled. On the basis of ownership,resources can be classified into:individual,community,national,and international Individual resources: Human resources Human beings are also considered to be resources because they have the ability to change raw materials into valuable resources. The term Human resources can also be defined as the skills, energies, talents, abilities and knowledge that are used for the production of goods or the rendering of services. While taking into account human beings as resources, the following things have to be kept in mind: †¢ The size of the population The capabilities of the individuals in that population Resource use and sustainable development Many resources cannot be consumed in their original form. They have to be processed in order to change them into more usable commodities. This is known as resource development. With the rise in human numbers all over the world, the demand for resources has also increased. However, there is a difference in distribution of resources to different regions or countries. Developed countries use more resources than developing countries. The rising demand coupled with the over-consumption of resources has led to several problems: †¢ Resource depletion Accumulation of resources in the hands of a few †¢ Environmental degradation †¢ Tragedy of the commons †¢ Resource curse Uses of our Natural Resources Rock and mineral resources have a wide variety of uses and play a huge role in our lives The Mineral Information Institute has a poster showing how much of a variety of minerals each person uses in his or her lifetime. Minerals are important to our health. We need small amounts of a wide variety of minerals. Minerals found in Tennessee which people need include: calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, fluoride, iron, and zinc.Coal, oil and natural gas provide us with almost all of the energy we use to light, heat and run our world. Minerals are ingredients in almost all of the products we use from fertilizer to plastics, from toothpaste to kitty litter, from knives to plates. Minerals are common ingredients in pigments. In fact, some of the earliest uses of minerals were as pigments. Minerals also play an important role in the processing of materials. Bentonite is important in well drilling, Barite is important in oil drilling. Fluorite is important in making steel |Resource |How are our resources used? characteristics exploited) | |Barite | Used in oil drilling to weigh down the oil and prevent gushers (high specific gravity), filler in paint, glass, | | |toothpaste. | |Chert |Used to make stone tools. (hardness, fracture patterns). Used as fill to provide a stable base for roads | | |(insolubility) | |Clay |Used to make pottery and bricks.Used for pet litter (ability to absorb water) | |Chalcopyrite (copper)|Copper is used to make electrical wiring (electrical conductivity). Used in alloys – bronze and brass (low | | |melting point, beauty, resistance to oxidation) Used as an ingredient in pigments (blue and green) | |Coal |Used as a fuel (flammable). The oils and tars produced processing coal are processed into a variety of organic | | |solvents and compounds such as plastics, motor fuel, photo developer, perfume, medicine, and sugar substitute. |Fluorite |Used as a flux – i. e. used as an intermediate chemical to separate metals from waste material. Another important | | |product made from fluorite is hydrofluoric acid, which is used in the pottery, optics, and plastics industry. | | |Fluorite is also used in making opalescent glass and in enameling cookware. | |Galena (lead) |The largest use of lead is in automotive batteries. It is also used as weights (high specific gravity).Used as | | |an ingredient in solder (soft, low melting point. ). Until recently it was also used as an ingredient in paint and| | |as an additive in gasoline to make engines run more smoothly. | |Gypsum |Gypsum is primarily used to make wallboard. It is also an ingredient in cement. | |Ilmenite (titanium) |Titanium is used in alloys to make strong light-weight materials – space ships, bicycles Used to make white paint| | |- non-toxic replacement for lead, which used to be used for this purpose. low reactivity) | |Iron |Iron is used for tools, for appliances, for building supports. It is also used as a pigment (red and ochre) | |Limestone |Limestone is used as building stone, for ornamental stone f or surfaces and sculpture, to make cement and mortar, | | |as crushed stone for fill | |Mussel Shells |Mussel shells were used as ceremonial objects.European Americans have used shells as ornaments – buttons and | | |pearls for jewelry. | |Oil/Natural Gas |Oil and natural gas are used as fuels and ingredients in the chemical industry to produce petroleum based | | |products notably plastics. | |Phosphate |Phosphate is used as a fertilizer and to make phosphoric acid which is a major ingredient in food products such | | |as cola drinks. | |Saltpeter |Saltpeter was used as a fertilizer (source of nitrogen) and as an ingredient in gunpowder.It has now been | | |replaced by the related compound ammonium nitrate which can be manufactured in the laboratory. | |Sand & Gravel |Sand and gravel are used as fill to provide a stable foundation for buildings and roads. | |Sandstone |Sandstone is used as a building material. | |Sphalerite (zinc) |Zinc is used as an ingredient in brass (wit h copper). It is used to coat (galvanize) iron implements to protect | | |them from rusting.It is used as a pigment (white) | Natural resources are raw materials we use to make other products. These include trees, minerals, aquatic life, gravel, coal, and many others. How can businesses remove these resources from an area and still maintain a working landscape? Responsible businesses know that they can make money producing products or gathering natural resources while they minimize the damage to their surroundings. Take a look at some products and possible damage from forestry, mining, and aquaculture.Forestry The forest industry is made up of businesses involved in the growing and harvesting of trees and other plant life from forests. |Products |Damages | |wood products |They provide lumber or timber for |clearcutting |Removing a large block of trees exposes ground, which is| | |building houses, boats, decks, and | |vulnerable to soil erosion. | |furniture. | | | |paper |They cre ate pulp to make paper and |log jams |Over cutting may result in logs piling up and blocking | | |paper products. | |the natural flow of water. | |Christmas trees |They grow, cut, and sell Christmas |lost recreational |Forest landscapes are degraded. Who wants to visit a | | |trees. value |forest with no trees, or a river clogged with trees? | |landscaping |They fulfill our landscaping needs |lost renewable |New trees may not be planted. Forests are not renewable | | |with trees and plants. |resource |resources unless trees are planted to replace the trees | | | | |cut down. This also displaces wildlife. | MiningMining is the process or business of removing ore, soil, rock, and minerals from the ground or from mountains. |Products |Damages | |Coins |Historically and currently used as |Reclamation | | |money. |Reclamation means restoring land that has been altered.Mining pits must be | | | |reclaimed after mining operations cease. Poor mining practices can destroy the| | | |environme nt and cost taxpayers a lot of money in clean-up. | | | |Habitat destruction | | | |Animal habitats are destroyed and biodiversity is compromised. | | |Pollution | | | |Mining by-products, called tailings, can pollute our air and water. | |Gold/Silver Standards|Influence the value of currency. | | |Fossil Fuels |Provide fuel by burning. | |Nutrition |Minerals are often used in vitamins. | | |Building Materials |Provide materials used in | | | |construction like aluminum and | | | |concrete. | |Jewelry |Gold, silver, diamonds and other | | | |precious stones provide material for | | | |jewelry. | |Gravel |Gravel is used to build roads and is | | | |mixed into cement to form concrete. | | Aquaculture Aquaculture is the business of raising marine or freshwater fish or shellfish under controlled conditions. |Products |Damages | |Oyster |Netpens |   |Areas of waterways that are lined off by nets; these result in large quantities of waste (just like other forms of intensive | | |animal production). | | | | | |Aquaculture Waste | | |Processing wastes are often released directly into natural bodies of water. | | | | |Protein | | |Many fish are carnivorous—they eat meat. The food provided in fish farms may not contain meat protein. The fish who eat this | | |food do not possess the same amount of protein as their natural counterparts. This can result in a less healthy fish. | | | | |Mangroves | | |Fishing operations (shrimp farms in particular) have damaged mangroves—trees and shrubs forming buffering boundaries between | | |land and saltwater environments. (This is an important ecosystem along coastlines. | |Clams | | |   | | |Shrimp | | |   | | |Lobster | | |   | | |Salmon | | |   | | |Trout | | |   | |